The Political Dynamics of People’s Power Essay Sample free essay sample

It was people’s power. more than some other thing. which cleared Marcos from his Malacanang seat and which introduced in his topographic point Corazon Aquino as the new leader of the Philippines. It would other than be people’s power which could hinder a Marcos response. indeed, even without Marcos himself. or then again an outgrowth of another absolutism for that undertaking. In any case, what definitely does the term people’s power mean? People’s influence would just make reference to the limit of the individuals to outline cultural fortunes that are consonant with their ain yearnings. Thusly. this involves the acknowledgment of the individuals themselves of their ain capacity to do history. People’s power is showed either in self-created or composed signifiers of activity. For case. most of the individuals who partook in the claimed â€Å"February Revolution were chaotic people who reacted to the situation precipitously. It is contended here. in any case. that an increasingly composed signifier of people’s power is required in the more fragile and entangled endeavor of remaking a messed up state and reconstituting a harsh cultural administration. At a similar clasp. people’s force will proceed to be important power in the public eye simply if the hoards would truly speak to themselves into self composed gatherings fit for voicing their ain requests in the middle period of political relations. In this sense. the nearness of free mass association in the political framework would non simply capacity to propel ace individuals approaches in specialists however would other than move as an offseting instrument to the conceivable abuse and corruptness of the territory power. The foundation of new political relations dependent on mainstream vote based system would other than demoralize the wants of the customary lawmakers to swing the state back to the old political relations dependent on intra- first class rivalry which existed before soldierly statute. The Basis of Elite Politicss World class vote based system held influence in the Philippines during the post-pilgrim period up to the curse of soldierly law in 1972. It was portrayed by the laterality of two significant ideological groups. the Nationalista Party ( NP ) and the Liberal Party ( LP ) . whose individuals just changed from one cantonment to the next. This had been made conceivable by the commonsense character of the foundation of specialists of the two gatherings. The NP and LP were in certainty simply two intrigues of a similar feeling classification. Choose political relations is established along a rich arrangement of support political relations highlight porc barrel allocations and the corruption. Support political relations among Filipinos is a guide of a partiality framework. On the different manus. this is because of the Filipino social estimation of natural order. In result. these announcements disclose to us that choose political relations is here to remain in light of the fact that it is worked in among Filipinos. The underlying foundations of choose backing political relations lie in the congruity of extreme cultural imbalance and mass poverty. A penniless people could be simple enticed into exchanging their voting forms for guarantees of wagess in the signifier of cash and occupations from prosperous government officials. It is non amazing. accordingly for legislators to build up their sights on ghetto nations as imprints for vote-purchasing flings during races. The noticeable quality of political warlords in the Filipino political scene shows a cultural set-up where the convergence of riches and influence in the terrains of the couple of could facilitate the council of extortion and fear based oppressor act during constituent exercisings. That’s why Filipino races have ever been fierce. In 1971. political decision related murdering arrived at the all clasp high of 243. By mid 1971. there were 80 political warlords around the state. With the punishment of soldierly statute. Marcos decimated only the political warlords counter to him. It would be an existent preliminary for the main of Aquino on the off chance that she could destruct the force base of Marcos’s political warlords each piece great as forestall the reappearance of old 1s and the visual part of new 1s. Soldierly Law and the Politicss of Repression Soldierly statute did non set a terminal to world class political relations. It basically limited its search inside the Marcos intrigue of the world class. On the other hand of intra-tip top rivalry. there was area corporatism. While interfering with the dorsums of all autonomous political foundations. Marcos tried to set up government-controlled or affected one time under this offer. With the end of the Congress and the crackdown on ideological groups and the broad communications. the conventional government officials were disappointed of their capacity bases. They were appropriately taken out of the political ring during the early yearss of soldierly statute. The personal circumstance of these government officials could promptly be seen when declarations came in 1978 that races for the Interim Batasang Pambansa ( National Assembly ) would be held and that another gathering the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan ( New Society Movement ) would be framed by the Marcos specialists. Previous NP and LP individuals energetically hurried into the weaponries of Marcos. With the inversion of the political pendulum. these equivalent individuals are currently hotfooting to incorporate Aquino. Some enduring obstruction lawmakers. by the by wouldn't fall in the temporary fad however meanwhile longed for the twenty-four hours when their old ideological groups would be resuscitated. On the different manus. some incredibly regarded patriot government officials of pre soldierly law yearss like Lorenzo Tanada and Jose Diokno chose to extend their group with the counter facist. hostile to radical mass movement. hence offering acknowledgment to the pertinence of power per unit zone political relations at this particular verifiable movement. Recall this were times it was non yet slick to have on xanthous nor was it safe to put one’s sense of self with the reason for the obstruction. It was an inquisitorial period when the example averment of fundamental human rights could be deciphered as extremist and could in this way increase one an occasion in jail or an excursion to paradise. Be that as it may. it was actually this inhibitory political climate cultivated by soldierly law which incited many reason arranged people to endure in their committedness to politicize and shape the individuals into mass associations that would work as channel’s of people’s power in the fight for justness and majority rule government during those dim yearss. On the off chance that there is anything to be thankful about soldierly law. the reality it instructed individuals to fight for their privileges and to asseverate their inclusions. The Aquino Assassination and the Confetti Revolutionaries The Political wake of the blackwash of previous Senator Benigno Aquino. Jr. at the landing area of the Manila International Airport on August 21. 1983 put to a horrible preliminary the Marcos regime’s ability to administer in the old way. The venturesome killing of such an extraordinary Marcos pundit stunned the esthesias of numerous individuals who aforesaid did non care about the brutal passing of laborers in the post lines or the butcher of provincials in the rustic nations. The urban Middle class moved out of their organizers and exhibited their protection from the inhibitory government by tossing xanthous confettis from the wellbeing of their tall office buildings in Ayala. After five o’clock they would blow their unmistakably cautiousnesss in the middle of class soul in these Acts of the Apostless of dissent. At a similar clasp. the gay Filipino feel which went to at the principal confetti mass gatherings after the Aquino blackwash would work as a fitting fundamental to the kind of unrest that Filipinos would do during those four yearss of February in 1986. The passage of the â€Å"yellow† protestors into the political field expand the positions of the counter autocracy mass movement which was up to so under the main of the national equitable associations. Nonetheless. the potencies of these new political powers in effectively captivating a urban fight to constrain out Marcos was non increased in value by the national Democrats who were peripheralized at the emission of the â€Å"February Revolution† . The Elections which the Dictatorship Miscalculated On November 3. 1985. President Ferdinand Marcos declared over American broadcasting his longing for snap presidential races on February 7. 1986. He expressed that he was naming it so as to obtain a new approval from the individuals. Nonetheless. the existent float for the catch surveys was a mix of political plan and American power per unit territory. Marcos felt that a prior nearby political race. initially booked for May 1986. would part his KBL power base and in this manner strap his ain presidential chances if the presidential surveys are set for 1987. At a similar clasp. Marcos needed to show to the United States specialists that he was as yet equipped for keeping stableness in the state. Of class. Marcos did non name the decisions simply to plug up as the likewise ran. The authentic actuality that a tyrant neer permits himself to lose in his ain political race turned into the get bringing down purpose of contentions among cause-situated associations with respect to the effectuality of take separating in the catch surveys. The enormous coalition of national popularity based associations Bagong Alyansang Makabayan ( BAYAN ) chose to blacklist the surveys albeit six of its national heads. Counting their leader. Tanada. documented foliages of nonappearances from the association to back up Cory Aquino. Blending to BAYAN. as an undertaking of â€Å"principle† . commitment in the expected political decision would only sanction the absolutism. Yet, for other dynamic gatherings. the issue was non one of rule alone which was hopeful yet one of â€Å"praxis† which consolidated hypothesis and example. The reasonable only needed to go down

Process Strategy and Analysis: Toyota Motors Case study Essay

Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan’s biggest and the world’s #4 carmaker by 2003 deals (after General Motors, Ford, and Daimler Chrysler), had a wide scope of items and solid brand names with excellent picture. Toyota’s developing notoriety for quality and little quantities of specialized issues in its vehicles created intriguing client dedication and a developing interest for its items. Toyota the board was dealing with the company’s stock, expenses and limit effectively and was applying cost decrease programs well overall. Toyota had riving desire to get greener. The organization made a half breed controlled (gas and electric) vehicle the prius-that had previously being gobbled up in U.S. what's more, European markets. Toyota additionally made gigantic interests in creating energy unit innovation for its vehicles. Its gas-fueled vehicles, pick-ups, minivans, and SUVs included such models as the Camry, Celica, Corolla, 4Runner, Echo, Land Cruiser, Sienna, the extravagance Lexus line, and a full-evaluated pick truck, the v-8 Tundra. Toyota additionally was making forklifts and fabricated lodging, and was offering buyer monetary administrations. With its wide dissemination channels, solid channel proficiency and viability, Toyota was both effectively contending with the world’s upper three car creators and ready to supplant GM in the top recognize this decade. Toyota was known worldwide for its exceptional vehicles, solid vehicle structure, ease, security, solid protection from wind and rollover, low fuel utilization, nearness of electronic and different gadgets in the vehicles, and solid notoriety for extravagance. Overviews, be that as it may, evaluated the allure and solace of its traveler vehicles as average. Additionally evaluated unremarkable was the rough terrain greatness of its SUVs. Toyota was an innovator in mechanical upgrades, for example, drive, creation and vehicle development innovation and had a strong capacity to structure and enhances new items, to separate its items, to advance new vehicle lines, or to expand existing vehicle lines. Worldwide deals of Toyota vehicles were expanding each year starting in 2001. Toyota demonstrated a development of 20% in its deals from March 2002 to March 2003 and development of 49.6% in its total compensation for a similar period. This expansion reflected the nature of its vehicles, yet in addition Toyota’s solid productivity in deal activities, applying balanced promoting, going into organization and joint endeavors with different organizations around the world, being cost serious, firmly applying deals motivators, for example, guarantee augmentations, and applying notice devices, for example, TV advertisements, advertisements in magazines and papers and show introductions. Toyota required little utilization of financing bundles and radio ads in its deal motivating force programs. Likewise, Toyota was known for solid after-deal benefits that helped the organization to fortify associations with its clients and nature of administration gave to them. Toyota had a solid, exceptional corporate culture that helped the organization stay very efficient and profoundly serious. Toyota additionally had solid co-activity with its accomplices and among its divisions that permitted Toyota to advance co-ordinate interdivisional tasks. In contrast with its large three rivals, Toyota had solid assembling tasks with the capacity to deliver profoundly inventive items, exploiting minimal effort structures, capacity to open new assembling plants, profiting by economies of scale. Transplant amassing. Accessibility of innovation for its creation, and accessibility and norms of sources, the capacity to enter new markets, and such, Also, Toyota had unequivocally adjusted its exercises both locally and globally. There are five premise courses in favor: (1) decrease assets, (2) diminish blunders, (3) meet or surpass desires for downstream clients, (4) make the procedure more secure, and (5) make the procedure additionally fulfilling to the individual doing it. Initial, a procedure that utilizes a larger number of assets than should be expected is inefficient. Reports that are conveyed to a larger number of individuals than should be expected burns through duplicating and appropriation time, material, client read time, and, in the long run, life space. Second, generally, mistakes are an indication of poor workmanship and require improve. Composing mistakes that are identified after the PC printout require opening the record, making the rectification, and printing the changed report. Third, meeting or surpassing desires for downstream clients improves the procedure. For instance, the better the weld, the less pounding required, showing up of a completion paint more The fourth way a procedure can be improved is by making it more secure. A more secure work environment is a progressively profitable one with less lost-time mishaps and less laborers remuneration claims. The fifth method to improve process is to expand the fulfillment of the individual playing out the procedure. In some cases a little change, for example, an ergonomically Roll out a generous improvement in a person’s mentality toward their work. Assembling cycle The assembling cycle ordinarily happens at the wholesaler/producer for retailer/maker) interface and incorporates all procedures engaged with renewing merchant (or retailer) stock. The assembling cycle is activated by client orders or by the figure of client request and current item accessibility in the manufacturer’s completed products stockroom. One extraordinary in an assembling cycle is an incorporated steel plant that gathers arranges that is comparable enough to empower the producer to deliver in enormous amounts. For this situation, the assembling cycle is responding to client request (alluded to as a draw procedure). Another outrageous is a customer items firm that must create fully expecting request. For this situation the assembling cycle is envisioning client request (alluded to as a push procedure). The procedures engaged with the assembling cycle Request appearance from the completed merchandise stockroom, wholesaler, retailer, or client Creation planning Assembling and transportation Accepting at the merchant, retailer, or client Request appearance During this procedure a completed merchandise stockroom or wholesaler sets a renewal request trigger dependent on the figure of future interest and current item inventories. The subsequent requests are then passed on to the producer. At times the client or retailer might be requesting legitimately from the producer. In different cases a maker might be creating to stock a completed items distribution center. In the last circumstance, the request is activated dependent on item accessibility and a conjecture of future interest. This procedure is like the retail request trigger procedure in the renewal cycle. Creation booking This procedure is like the request passage process in the recharging cycle where stock is assigned to a request. During the creation planning procedure, arranges (or guage orders) are apportioned to a creation plan. Given the ideal creation amounts for every item, the producer must settle on the exact creation grouping. On the off chance that there are various lines, the producer should likewise choose which items to designate to each line. The target of the creation planning process is to amplify the extent of requests occupied on schedule while minimizing expenses. Assembling and Shipping This procedure is identical to the request satisfaction process portrayed in the renewal cycle. During the assembling period of the procedure, the maker produces to the creation plan. During the delivery period of this procedure, the item is transported to the client, retailer, merchant, or completed item stockroom. The target of the assembling and transportation process is to make and boat the item by the guaranteed due date while meeting quality prerequisites and minimizing expenses. Appropriation Toyota utilized the conventional conveyance channels; vehicles from the creation places were appropriated to national or provincial dissemination, which at that point circulated the vehicles to the nearby vendors. The three units of Toyota that created traveler vehicles, SUVs, light trucks, and smaller than normal vans. Toyota was likewise going into associations with different carmakers around the world, for example, South Korean Hyundai and Chinese carmakers, and utilized their conveyance channels to enter the business sectors where these accomplices were transcendent. With these exercises, Toyota was attempting to adjust its dissemination channels worldwide and to build the productivity and viability of their circulation channels. Assembling Toyota had fabricating offices in 37 nations and sold its items in 200 nations around the globe. As the circumstance disintegrated in 2003, producers were progressively encountering stock issues as they couldn't move their developing reserve of vehicles into the soaked armada advertise. With the expanding expenses of item stockpiling and diminished retail incomes, combined with loosened up buyer request, creation slices was probably going to happen in the organization. Likewise, Toyota was searching for approaches to open creation puts in locales like China and Mexico, so as to profit by modest work power and addition upper hand. In this procedure the item is gotten at the wholesaler, completed merchandise stockroom, retailer, or client and stock records are refreshed. Different procedures identified with capacity and reserve moves additionally happen. Not many organizations on the planet exceed expectations at consistent enhancement for a corporate-wide premise like Toyota Motor Organization. Toyota is maybe most popular for its profoundly powerful creation framework, named â€Å"lean manufacturing† by a MIT concentrate in the 1980’s (Womack et. Al, 1990). Be that as it may, strikingly, history’s most effective technique for creation was not conceived from an unexpected talk by a quick individual (in spite of the fact that Toyota has had a lot of those throughout the years). Or maybe, it evolv

Tips on How to Write an Investigative Essay

Tips on How to Write an Investigative EssayInvestigative essays are the great equalizer for those who are very smart and yet have not been well-trained in the right area. Though there are many people who do not have the true ability to perform an investigation, yet they can still write excellent investigations of their subjects.Students who want to explore careers as an investigator can do so by writing such essays. Most of these students can also be classified as good essay writers. However, they need to also know some tips on how to write effective investigations.The first thing that is needed to write a good topic is creativity. There are a lot of topics that would require a lot of skills. It is important to choose the subject wisely since it will determine the kind of investigation that will be done. This will help students who really have that unique ability to write about any topic.The first tip on how to write an investigation is to always remember the basic form of an investi gation. The main thing that is needed is the question or an inquiry. A good investigator will ask his subject about the issue that he or she is dealing with.The way a subject responds to a question can be very telling about what he or she has to say. In order to find out what a subject has to say, the investigator should use his or her information for gathering the facts that they need. Then, the next step is to report the details that they gathered from the facts.Students must know that the topic that they are going to research should have a starting point. Therefore, it is necessary for the students to think of a subject that has a starting point. From there, they should try to find facts that will be able to support their information. However, this requires the students to be well-informed on the topic. The next tip on how to write an essay is to always include a conclusion that will be necessary to support the topic. The ending paragraph should be written to support the topic an d give it more emphasis in the essay. Therefore, the conclusion is also considered as the lead of the essay.In order to make sure that they are doing their research right, students who are planning to write investigative essay topics must make sure that they follow all of the tips that were mentioned above. These tips will help them in choosing the proper topic and writing an excellent investigative piece that will satisfy their readers. Thus, writing an investigative essay can be very easy if one follows these steps correctly.

Marks and Meanings - 935 Words

Kylee Lologo Professor Turnbull English 1A 9 July 2014 Marks and Meanings Tattoos are just one way that someone can express themselves. There are thousands of designs and artists that are able to create pictures desired by some people. There are many styles of tattoos that are seen today such as; American traditional, Japanese traditional, realism, and portrait. One style that is completely different from the rest is Polynesian tribal tattoos. Polynesian tattoos are separate from the rest in that their design is very structured and geometrical. Following lines and shapes each tattoo may have their own style, but all of them are similar because of the details that go into them. With each island in Polynesia the tattoos may differ,†¦show more content†¦The tattoo artist will dip the bone combs into the ink and puncture the skin repeatedly in order for the ink to set into the skin. He works with two assistants that will stretch the skin and wipe the excess ink off of the body. This process takes place while lying on mats put on th e ground with the artist around the patient. Usually family members will surround the space to give support to the man who is getting the tattoo. If he was not to finish the tattoo, it is seen as a sign of weakness, and he will bring great shame to him and his family. These tattoos could ultimately take weeks to finish and is a very painful process to go through. Just sitting through what it takes to receive the tattoo shows a sign of strength and having the tattoo is believed to bring good to who have it. Getting these tattoos takes a lot of thought and consideration. Thinking about the different symbols that one wants inside the tattoo depends solely on the reason they are getting it. The placement is also a factor that leads to the meaning of the tattoo and can ultimately change what the whole thing stands for. Going through the process of this is a task within itself, and once you start, it is not worth it to stop. Polynesian tattoos are a separate art that needs to be appreciat ed for all of the hard work and thought that goes into eachShow MoreRelatedCritically assess the view that the word â€Å"good† has no real meaning (35 marks)2130 Words   |  9 Pages Critically assess the view that the word â€Å"good† has no real meaning (35 marks) Meta ethics looks at ethical language and helps us to identify whether the word good is meaningful. Analytical statements are sentences that are true because of the relationship between the subject and the predicate. Analytical statements are usually self-explanatory, e.g. all carnivores eat meat; we know what a carnivore eats which is meat, the subject is the carnivore and the predicate here is the meat. AnalyticalRead MoreThe Deconstructive Angel (Meyer H. 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Bullying in Schools Essay - 1743 Words

Bullying in Schools Many people feel that some of the major issues that plague our schools are drug/alcohol use or violence, yet no one recognizes the significance of school bullying. For the victims of bullying, they go to school everyday facing harassment, taunting, and humiliation. For all potential educators, it is very important to realize that bullying is a problem, so that they can work to prevent it in the future. Since being at Middle School, I have realized how prevalent bullying is on a daily basis. In addition to reading various sources, I decided to ask some of my students about the bullying they experience or witness in their own school environment. I felt learning about bullying directly from the students†¦show more content†¦Most bullies are male, popular, and often athletes (Espelage 2001). They have excellent social skills, with the ability to attract many followers, and easily manipulate others (Bullies... 2001). Bullies are psychologically strong and very popular among their peers. This peer status is important in terms of boosting their well-being. Its disturbing to think that bullies are feeling really good about themselves. Bullying behavior is self-reinforcing: When kids find that putting others down earns them approval from their peers, they are likely to do it again and again. Many times they can easily butter up to adults, making them unsuspecting bullies (Espelage 2001). In general, a bully is someone who teases and intimidates other students, although there are many other ways to bully a fellow student. Many people feel the typical bully comes from a broken home, but this is not necessarily true. Yet, the less supervision a child gets at home, the more likely he is to be a bully. About 30 to 40% of bullies show some levels of depression, and their bullying is often a cry for help. (Espelage 2001). 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Genre, Plot, And Theme Of This Play - 1321 Words

1) Discuss the genre, plot, and theme of this play. The genre is a musical comedy. The rock music of the eighties moves the play through the story that is centered in the Bourbon Room bar in Los Angeles. Most of the characters in the play used to be in a rock band, currently are in a rock band or are trying hard to get into a rock band. The girls who wanted or currently want to make in movies are bar waitresses and strippers. Big business wants to close down the strip and develop a new business district. The classic rock hits and the main love interest moves the story toward a happy and energetic ending. 2) Did you enjoy the production? Why or why not? I enjoy comedies and I love many of the songs that were in the play so I could not help but laugh and sing along at times. The production was very good overall. I was uncomfortable with the strippers. The very suggestive dances and constant presence of the outfits were not necessary for the overall story. 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The term Postmodernism Essay Paper Example For Students

The term Postmodernism Essay Paper Modernism sought the sacrifice of beauty for the pursuit of functionality, but under postmodernism, there is an understanding that aesthetics and functionality can coexist. IKEA furniture for example minimalist space saving functionality merged with aesthetics. Finally, another significant feature of postmodernism is the celebration of difference rather than good or bad. This concept rejects all moral principles. Writers like Kumar call it nihilism. Expansion of religious beliefs and local knowledge are some examples in the West. This has led to the emergence of political correctness and the acceptance of difference. Disability groups prefer to view difference as desirable more than acceptable. There is evidence to suggest that difference can sometimes bring confusion due to its ambiguous nature and through the variations of choice. For instance workplace diversity has resulted in greater numbers of people with disabilities entering the labour force. In this case, diversity has been desirable and seen as progressive in western societies. Alternatively, some differences such as religious practices can be seen as undesirable. One such example is the suspicion towards Islam in the Western world or some practices of female circumcision. Here it demonstrates how confusion arises in postmodern condition as tolerance towards difference spreads in uneven directions across societies. Postmodernism and post modernization Despite having discussed above the key features of postmodernism, it remains difficult to provide a clear stand-alone description. David Lyon (1999) has provided the most palatable explanation of postmodernism, taking into account modernism. He describes postmodernism as an evolving process between modernity and postmodernity. The process could be the extension of modernity or the collapse of modernity. Lyon suggests this process can incorporate this at the same time depending on the circumstance. Moreover, it means some elements of modernity can be abandoned while others are maintained. Lyon writes that postmodernism and post-modernity need to be viewed in terms of each other. Postmodernism refers to the cultural experience, while postmodernity he argues refers to the social experience. In the case of producing, consuming and distribution of symbolic goods, Lyon writes that this process merges the boundaries between hierarchies and systems of knowledge. Lyon explains the social and the cultural cannot exist without each other. However, Lyon is one of the writers to raise the following theoretical arguments on postmodernism. Modernism : dead or alive? Some critics like Crook et al, Connor Bertens and Natoli prefer to focus on how society is not modern to give an idea of what postmodernism is. Some critics like Baudrillard and Lyotard, argue that there is a clear end to modernism and beginning to postmodernism. These writers are vague about their description of postmodernism yet seem to debate the prevalence or death of modernity. Lyotard for instance thought that modernity was dead by explaining that Truth as a condition of modernity was replaced by performativity, or usefulness, a condition of postmodernism (Connor, 1989). Connor critiqued Lyotard by arguing utility was another form of rationalisation. Beaudrillard, who focussed on symbolism and consumer culture, wrote that the end of economy symbolised the end of modernity and described that modernity is losing all its substance for the pursuit of the superficial aesthetic (Kumar, 1995). Bertens and Natoli (2002) critiqued Baudrillards predominant concern with symbols over the real and referred to his exaggerated view of postmodernism as represented by symbolism as a hyper-reality. Postmodernism or late modernity? Some writers describe society and culture as late modernity while others prefer to describe it as postmodern. It is unclear that there is a difference between the two. Kumar describes postmodenism as the effect of key changes including sensitivity to difference in society and acceptance of pathological arguments. For Kumar, the dismantling of society does not equal the end of modernity. .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .postImageUrl , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:hover , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:visited , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:active { border:0!important; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:active , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of Usury EssayDeconstructionist writers like Derrida and De Sassure focus on theories that fragment metanarratives or truth. Their focus is on plurality of knowledge by way of multiple interpretations of signs like those in mass media and consumer culture (Beaudrillard, 1988). In this way, it is no longer possible to utilise one narrative, as signs in consumer culture are pastiched and can provide plural meanings rather than contradictory ones. While for Baudrillard and Lyotard, plurality is the demise of the authentic and therefore the end of modernity, Kumar, describes the extension of modernity in saying the combination of many traditions to form a new, rather than rejection of the old tradition. (Kumar,1995,105) Kumar explains that it is not clear that postmodernity has begun, nor that modernity is clearly over. Rather than it being a clearly demarcated phase, it is described as unevenly loose process that is clearly happening where There is simply a more or less random directionless flux across all sections of society. (Kumar, 1995, 103). He perceives these changes to be consistent with postmodernism but realizes there is no guiding principle for the change as for example in Marxist theory and capitalism. Other key writers advocating for the relevance of modernism, are Smart, Lash Ury, Crook and Habermas. Crook (1992) critiques Habermas by arguing that we are in an advanced state of modernism or known as late modernism rather than postmodernism. He argues that if capitalism is associated with modernism, then advanced rationalisation and comodification can only mean we are in a high level of modernism. Crook prefers to sit more on the fence and although advises against nostalgia for modernism he explains it is too early to predict the postmodern condition but also premature to say modernism is over (Crook et al, 1992). Meta narratives like progress and rationality are still sought as the final end. To conclude this briefing, an understanding of postmodernism in the absence of a clearly guided definition has been provided. Potmodernism referred to the breakdown of modernity or at least the transformation of modernity. This briefing discussed that where modernism meant the embracing of universal truths like progress, reason and rationality, postmodernism could be seen in two ways; abandonment of the modern for the pursuit of a different approach or the extension of modernity. Under this scenario, I discussed the blurring of different knowledge. The question remains to be clarified as to whether western society is in a modern or postmodern reality. Given the Bush administrations post September 11 warfare, the pursuit for truth like freedom and liberty has widened the gap between modern and postmodern thinking at a global level and polarized those who believe in universal truths and those that do not.